{"id":4667,"date":"2021-12-09T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-09T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ahligizi.id\/blog\/?p=4667"},"modified":"2022-02-02T19:48:49","modified_gmt":"2022-02-02T12:48:49","slug":"asupan-dan-perilaku-makan-anak-autis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ahligizi.id\/blog\/2021\/12\/09\/asupan-dan-perilaku-makan-anak-autis\/","title":{"rendered":"Asupan dan Perilaku Makan Anak Autis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bagaimana asupan dan perilaku makan pada anak autis? Apakah ada diet atau perilaku spesifik ? Mari kita simak artikel berikut<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baca Artikel : Rekomendasi Diet Anak Autis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konsumsi Makan Anak dengan Autis\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Asupan makanan anak autis pada umumnya sama dengan makanan untuk anak lainnya, yaitu harus memenuhi gizi seimbang dan tetap harus memperhatikan aspek pemilihan makanan<\/span><\/strong>. Diet yang umumnya diterapkan pada anak autis adalah diet bebas gluten dan bebas kasein. Tujuan dari intervensi diet pada anak autis adalah untuk menghilangkan gejala autis, menghentikan atau menunda proses degeneratif yang berlangsung, meningkatkan kualitas hidup, serta memberikan status gizi yang baik bagi penyandang autis.\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Namun perilaku pilih-pilih makanan (picky eater)<\/em> membuat penerapan diet terganggu dan tidak maksimalnya asupan gizi yang diasup. Sebagian besar anak autis mempunyai pola makan idiosyncratic <\/em>dan perilaku makan yang tidak biasa. Hal tersebut dapat berupa sedikitnya variasi diet, keengganan pada tekstur makanan tertentu atau sangat suka pada makanan tertentu.<\/span><\/strong>\u200b2\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Tercukupnya asupan makanan pada anak autis harus mendapatkan dukungkan dari internal dan eksternal. Keterlibatan keluarga dapat berpengaruh dalam pemenuhan asupan makanan dan keberhasilan penerapan diet.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Walaupun dapat diketahui bahwa masih banyaknya anak autis yang belum dapat melaksanakan diet bebas gluten bebas kasein. Hal tersebut tidak bisa dipungkiri karena masih banyaknya produk makanan yang mengandung gluten maupun kasein. Selain itu juga terbatasnya jenis makanan yang tidak mengandung gluten dan kasein yang diketahui ibu untuk disajikan kepada anak mereka.\u200b3\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diet Gluten Free Casein Free<\/em> (GFCF) ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meskipun tidak direkomendasikan secara rutin, diet GFCF umumnya digunakan sebagai diet untuk anak autis. Berdasar sistematic review terdapat sedikit bukti bahwa diet GFCF bermanfaat untuk mengelola gejala Autism Spectrum Disorder<\/em> (ASD) pada anak-anak dan remaja. Dengan beberapa pengecualian di beberapa subdomain, tidak ada secara statistik perbedaan signifikan dalam gangguan spektrum autisme.\u200b4\u200b<\/sup><\/span> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Studi lain juga menunjukkan diet GFCF bukanlah terapi yang efektif untuk gejala inti ASD (yaitu, defisit sosial dan komunikasi, stereotip \/ perilaku berulang) dan hanya boleh diterapkan jika anak dengan ASD mengalami perubahan perilaku akut, tampaknya terkait dengan perubahan pola makan, dan\/atau ketika profesional medis telah memastikan bahwa anak tersebut memiliki alergi atau intoleransi makanan terhadap gluten dan\/atau kasein.\u200b5\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terapi probiotik disarankan dalam beberapa ulasan sebagai pengobatan potensial untuk anak-anak dengan ASD dan gejala gastrointestinal. Satu studi menunjukkan bahwa pemberian Lactobacillus acidophilus (5 \u00d7 109<\/sup> CFU\/hari, 2x\/hari selama 2 bulan) secara signifikan mengurangi penanda kandidiasis patogen invasif pada anak-anak dengan ASD dan gejala gastrointestinal.\u200b6\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perilaku Makan Anak Autis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Anak autis sering menolak makan, picky eaters<\/em> (memilih-milih makanan), kesulitan menerima makanan baru, tantrum dan gerakan mengunyah sangat pelan<\/span><\/strong>. Sebagian besar anak autis mempunyai pola makan idiosyncratic<\/em> dan perilaku makan yang tidak biasa. Hal tersebut dapat berupa sedikitnya variasi diet, keengganan pada tekstur makanan tertentu atau sangat suka pada jenis makanan tertentu dan sulit menerima menu makanan baru, pemilihan jenis makanan yang benar secara tidak langsung akan mempengaruhi status gizi anak.\u200b7\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gangguan perilaku makan dapat menyebabkan jumlah makanan yang dikonsumsi tidak adekuat atau bisa berlebihan sehingga menimbulkan berbagai dampak yaitu asupan gizi yang tidak tercukupi, asupan berlebihan, berat badan tidak normal, malnutrisi, gangguan perkembangan fisik dan mental serta dapat menyebabkan kemati<\/span><\/strong>an. untuk melihat perilaku makan seorang anak dapat menggunakan Children eating Behavior Questionnarie <\/em>(CEBQ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instrumen Perilaku Makan Anak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Perilaku makan anak dapat diukur menggunakan instrumen Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire <\/em>(CEBQ) yang dikembangkan oleh Wardle et al <\/em>(2001). Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire <\/em>(CEBQ) adalah kuesioner laporan orang tua yang terdiri dari 35 pertanyaan yang menilai perilaku makan pada anak-anak. perilaku makan dinilai dalam 8 skala (food responsiveness, emotional overeating, satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, emotional undereating, fussiness, enjoyment of food, and desire to drink<\/em>).\u200b8\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Untuk versi terbaru yang telah dilakukan validasi oleh The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study<\/em> (MoBa) 2016 perilaku makan dinilai dalam 5 subskala (food responsiveness, emotional overeating, satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, emotional undereating, fussiness<\/em>). Para ibu menilai frekuensi perilaku dan pengalaman anak mereka pada skala 5 poin (1-tidak pernah, 2-jarang, 3-kadang, 4-sering, 5-selalu). Pengolahan data perilaku makan anak menggunakan metode Likert Summated Rating<\/em>, yaitu dengan menggunakan nilai tengah dari total nilai skor. Jumlah total skor yang didapat, kemudian jika hasil < dari median total skor maka perilaku makan anak kurang dan jika > median maka perilaku makan anak baik.\u200b8\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Form Kuesioner Perilaku Makan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
No<\/td>Perilaku Makan<\/td>Selalu<\/td>Sering<\/td>Kadang<\/td>Jarang<\/td>Tidak Pernah<\/td><\/tr>
1<\/td>Anak saya suka mencicipi makanan baru<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>Anak saya mudah kenyang<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>Anak saya makan lebih banyak saat dia sedang bahagia<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>Diberi pilihan, anak saya akan makan lebih sering setiap waktu<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>Anak saya makan perlahan<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>Anak saya makan lebih banyak ketika sedang khawatir<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>Anak sata membutuhkan waktu lebih dari 30 menit untuk makan<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
8<\/td>Anak saya cepat kenyang sebelum selesai makan<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
9<\/td>Anak saya menikmati berbagai macam makanan<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
10<\/td>Anak saya tertarik untuk mencicipi makanan yang belum pernah dimakan<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
11<\/td>Jika diberi kesempatan, anak saya selalu memasukkan makanan kedalam mulutnya<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
12<\/td>Anak saya makan lebih banyak ketika gelisah<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
13<\/td>Jika diizinkan, anak saya akan makan tertalu banyak<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
14<\/td>Anak saya makan sedikit ketika sedih<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
15<\/td>Anak saya meninggalkan makanan di akhir makan\/ ada sisa<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
16<\/td>Anak saya makan lebih sedikit ketika sedang marah<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
17<\/td>Anak saya makan banyak dan lambat selama makan<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
18<\/td>Anak saya makan lebih banyak ketika kesal<\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Referensi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  1. \n
    1. <\/div>
    Nugraheni S. Efektivitas Intervensi Diet Bebas Gluten Bebas Casein Terhadap Perubahan Perilaku Anak Autis<\/i>. Pustaka Rizki Putra; 2008.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Ahearn WH, Castine T, Nault K, Green G. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders<\/i>. Published online 2001:505-511. doi:10.1023\/a:1012221026124<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Ramadayanti S\u202f S, Margawati A. Perilaku Pemilihan Makanan dan Diet Bebas Gluten Bebas Kasein pada Anak Autis. J Nutr Coll<\/i>. 2013;2(1):35-43.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Piwowarczyk A, Horvath A, \u0141ukasik J, Pisula E, Szajewska H. Gluten- and casein-free diet and autism spectrum disorders in children: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr<\/i>. Published online June 13, 2017:433-440. doi:10.1007\/s00394-017-1483-2<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Mulloy A, Lang R, O\u2019Reilly M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Rispoli M. Addendum to \u201cgluten-free and casein-free diets in treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review.\u201d Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders<\/i>. Published online January 2011:86-88. doi:10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.07.004<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Angkustsiri K, German JB. Dietary Considerations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Potential Role of Protein Digestion and Microbial Putrefaction in the Gut-Brain Axis. Front Nutr<\/i>. Published online May 18, 2018. doi:10.3389\/fnut.2018.00040<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
  7. \n
    7. <\/div>
    Rahayu S. Gambaran Perilaku Picky Eater, Pola Makan dan Status Gizi Anak Autis di SLB Negeri Semarang. . Published online 2016.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
  8. \n
    8. <\/div>
    The Norwegian Institute of Public Health N. Documentation of MoBa Instruments. The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Published 2016. https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/en\/studies\/moba\/<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li><\/ol><\/section>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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