{"id":3881,"date":"2021-07-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-19T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ahligizi.id\/blog\/?p=3881"},"modified":"2021-07-16T15:44:02","modified_gmt":"2021-07-16T08:44:02","slug":"bahan-makanan-yang-terkait-kadar-asam-urat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ahligizi.id\/blog\/2021\/07\/19\/bahan-makanan-yang-terkait-kadar-asam-urat\/","title":{"rendered":"Bahan Makanan yang Terkait Kadar Asam Urat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n

Beberapa bahan makanan dapat menaikkan atau menurunkan kadar asam urat. Bahan makanan apa saja yang berpengaruh? Mari kita simak pada artikel berikut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karbohidrat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Konsumsi diet rendah karbohidrat dapat menimbulkan ketosis di dalam tubuh sehingga dapat mempengaruhi kadar asam urat dalam darah.\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Salah satu jenis karbohidrat yang dapat meningkatkan kadar asam urat plasma yaitu fruktosa.\u200b2\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Berbeda dengan glukosa yang mencegah pemakaian ATP berlebihan, fosforilasi fruktosa oleh enzim ketoheksokinase (KHC) dengan cepat menghabiskan ATP. Penggunaan ATP berlebihan menyebabkan pembentukan asam urat melalui senyawa antara adenosine monofosfat (AMP) dan inosin monofosfat (IMP).\u200b3\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruktosa dapat diperoleh melalui buah-buahan, madu dan pemanis (yang mengandung sukrosa). Fruktosa yang terkandung dalam buah-buahan tidak akan meningkatkan kadar asam urat dalam plasma.<\/span><\/strong> Hal ini disebabkan buah-buahan tidak hanya mengandung senyawa fruktosa, namun juga beberapa senyawa lain seperti kalium, vitamin C dan beberapa antioksidan seperti resveratrol, quercetin, dan flavonol lain sehingga dapat menghambat efek negatif dari fruktosa.\u200b4\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Purin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sumber makanan tinggi purin dapat berasal dari makanan hewani seperti daging merah (sapi, kambing, dan babi) serta seafood. <\/span><\/strong>Studi menunjukkan bahwa bahan makanan tersebut diketahui memiliki korelasi positif terhadap peningkatan asam urat plasma. <\/span><\/strong>Peningkatan konsumsi daging (terutama daging sapi, babi, dan domba) akan meningkatkan risiko penyakit gout sebesar 40-50%, sedangkan seafood akan meningkatkan risiko penyakit gout sebesar 35-45%. Makanan dengan kandungan purin yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan kadar asam urat sebesar 1-2 mg\/dL per 100 gram bahan makanan.\u200b5\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hasil penelitian lain menyebutkan rendahnya hubungan antara asupan purin dalam protein nabati dengan asam urat. Hal ini disebabkan adanya senyawa yang menguntungkan yang mungkin dapat menghambat peningkatan asam urat plasma, seperti senyawa fitokimia.<\/span><\/strong>\u200b7\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Jumlah kandungan purin akan berubah selama proses pengolahan bahan makanan atau pemasakan. Penelitian menyebutkan bahwa produk protein nabati olahan seperti tahu akan memiliki kandungan purin yang lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan kacang kedelai. Sedangkan untuk total protein, penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Choi mengatakan bahwa total protein tidak memberikan efek untuk meningkatkan asam urat plasma.\u200b5\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baca Lebih Lanjut : Diet Rendah Purin \/ Asam Urat<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lemak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Makanan tinggi lemak dapat mempengaruhi kadar asam urat. Pada penderita hiperurisemia, asupan lemak akan lebih baik jika dibatasi karena lemak akan menghambat pembuangan asam urat oleh ginjal.<\/span><\/strong> Kandungan lemak jenuh pada daging merah yang berhubungan positif dengan resistensi insulin dapat menurunkan ekskresi ginjal terhadap asam urat. Hal lain yang dapat mempengaruhi kadar asam urat dalam darah yaitu metabolisme lemak (pembakaran lemak) berlebihan akan menimbukan reaksi ketosis dalam tubuh sehingga akan menghambat pengeluaran asam urat dan menyebabkan hiperurisemia.\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lebih Lanjut : Makanan Tinggi Lemak – Teman atau Lawan?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalsium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sumber utama kalsium <\/a>salah satunya adalah susu. Kandungan purin pada susu termasuk dalam kategori rendah yaitu <100mg\/100 gram bahan makanan. Kalsium diyakini memiliki efek urikosurik, kalsium dapat meningkatkan ekskresi asam urat dengan berperan sebagai prekursor xantin dalam proses metabolisme purin di dalam tubuh. <\/span><\/strong>Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Lina Zgaga et al. memperoleh hasil bahwa setiap 1 mg kalsium dapat menurunkan 0,02 mmol\/dL kadar asam urat plasma.\u200b8\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin C dapat diperoleh melalui konsumsi sayur, buah-buahan maupun suplemen. Salah satu peran Vitamin C dalam tubuh yaitu sebagai antioksidan yang dapat mencegah kerusakan sel-sel tubuh akibat radikal bebas penyebab penyakit jantung, kanker dan penyakit degeneratif lainnya.\u200b9\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Selain berperan dalam reaksi enzimatik dalam tubuh, Vitamin C diduga memiliki efek urikosurik. <\/span><\/strong>Makanan yang mengandung Vitamin C dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan lajut filtrasi glomerulus dan peningkatkan ekskresi urin.\u200b6\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Baca Artikel : Konsumsi Vitamin C<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cairan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Konsumsi air putih yang diajurkan yaitu sebanyak dua liter atau sama dengan delapan gelas setiap harinya. Asupan air adekuat selain memiliki fungsi utama sebagai penyeimbang cairan dalam tubuh, juga berfungsi sebagai pelarut, media reaksi metabolisme dalam tubuh, media pengangkut zat gizi dan sisa metabolisme, serta sebagai penyeimbang suhu tubuh. Asam urat sebagai zat hasil metabolisme tubuh akan terlarut dengan baik jika konsumsi cairan tubuh adekuat. <\/span><\/strong>Hal ini berkaitan dengan ekskresi asam urat dari dalam tubuh yang dilakukan oleh ginjal. Asam urat terlarut akan disaring oleh ginjal untuk dapat dikeluarkan melalui urin (sebanyak 5-10%) atau kembali lagi menuju sistem sirkulasi (sebanyak 90%).\u200b10\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Alkohol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Alkohol diduga dapat meningkatkan asam urat karena mengandung etanol yang dapat meningkatkan degradasi nukleotida adenine dan meningkatkan asam laktat di dalam darah, hal inilah yang memicu terjadinya hiperurisemia.<\/span><\/strong> Degradasi nukleotida adenine yang dilakukan oleh etanol dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi plasma dan ekskresi urin oleh hypoxanthine dan xanthine.\u200b11\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referensi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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    Dalbeth N, Wong S, Gamble GD, et al. Acute effect of milk on serum urate concentrations: a randomised controlled crossover trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases<\/i>. Published online May 14, 2010:1677-1682. doi:10.1136\/ard.2009.124230<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Lipkowitz MS. Regulation of Uric Acid Excretion by the Kidney. Curr Rheumatol Rep<\/i>. Published online February 23, 2012:179-188. doi:10.1007\/s11926-012-0240-z<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S. Effect of ethanol on metabolism of purine bases (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid). Clinica Chimica Acta<\/i>. Published online June 2005:35-57. doi:10.1016\/j.cccn.2005.01.024<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li><\/ol><\/section>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Beberapa bahan makanan dapat menaikkan atau menurunkan kadar asam urat. Bahan makanan apa saja yang berpengaruh? 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