{"id":3754,"date":"2021-06-14T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T02:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ahligizi.id\/blog\/?p=3754"},"modified":"2021-06-14T08:31:24","modified_gmt":"2021-06-14T01:31:24","slug":"makanan-padat-energi-obesitas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ahligizi.id\/blog\/2021\/06\/14\/makanan-padat-energi-obesitas\/","title":{"rendered":"Makanan Padat Energi & Obesitas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pada era globalisasi ini, pemilihan makanan harus dilakukan secara selektif. Berbagai makanan dengan mudah dijumpai seperti makanan padat energi dan rendah mikronutrien yang secara langsung berkaitan dengan kejadian obesitas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (EDNP)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

adalah makanan yang mengandung tinggi lemak, minyak, dan gula. <\/span><\/strong>Data dari National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey <\/em>(NHANES II) menunjukkan bahwa makanan EDNP tersedia sepertiga dari total asupan energi harian pada kelompok usia dewasa di Amerika.\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Makanan EDNP banyak diiklankan di televisi sehingga berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan utamanya pola makan di kalangan remaja.\u200b2\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data densitas energi makanan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan cutoffs tertile<\/em> menurut jenis kelamin berdasarkan penelitian Jason, dkk. Klasifikasi untuk laki-laki asupan makanan dinyatakan memiliki densitas energi normal apabila densitas energi 1,53-2,08 kkal\/g, dan dinyatakan tinggi apabila densitas > 2,09 kkal\/g<\/span><\/strong>. Asupan makan untuk perempuan dinyatakan memiliki densitas energi normal apabila makanan yang dikonsumsi dalam sehari memiliki densitas energi 1,45 \u2013 1,98 kkal\/ g, dan dinyatakan tinggi apabila densitas > 1,99 kkal\/g<\/span><\/strong>.\u200b3\u200b<\/sup><\/span> EDNP dapat dikategorikan menjadi 5 jenis, yaitu :\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Visible Fat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Konsumsi jenis pangan yang digoreng berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan asupan energi dari lemak.<\/span><\/strong> Makanan yang digoreng memiliki rasa gurih, renyah, enak dan tinggi lemak. Hal ini menyebabkan seseorang ingin makan terus menerus, sehingga asupan energinya meningkat dan tingkat kepuasan terhadap makanan rendah. Rendahnya tingkat kepuasan dapat berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan respon insulin dan leptin, hormon yang menstimulasi rasa lapar dan kenyang.<\/span><\/strong>\u200b4\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makanan Tinggi Lemak Teman atau Lawan ??<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hasil survey pasar di Amerika Serikat menyebutkan bahwa retail\/ swalayan berkembang sangat pesat dengan menjual berbagai macam makanan. Dimana makanan-makanan tersebut merupakan makanan padat energi dengan tingkat lemak yang tinggi dan dijual dengan harga yang relatif murah sehingga dapat menarik minat konsumen untuk membelinya.\u200b5\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Contoh makanan yang mengandung visible fat yaitu : margarin, mentega, minyak, krim, saus dressing, gajih, steak, sosis, dan makanan yang digoreng<\/a><\/span><\/strong>.\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kenali Risiko Mengkonsumsi Makanan yang Digoreng<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2) Sweeteners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Makanan atau minuman manis mengandung unsur karbohidrat sederhana yang menghasilkan energi tinggi.<\/span><\/strong> Fruktosa (gula sederhana yang menghasilkan rasa manis), tidak memberikan efek kepuasan setelah makan. Seseorang yang mengkonsumsi makanan\/minuman manis tidak akan merasa puas dan akan makan terus-menerus. <\/span><\/strong>Konsumsi yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan asupan energi yang selanjutnya disimpan tubuh sebagai cadangan lemak. Penumpukan lemak tubuh pada perut akan menyebabkan obesitas sentral. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lebih lanjut : Pengukuran Obesitas<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hasil sebuah penelitian menunjukkan adanya kenaikan IMT 0,10 kg\/m2<\/sup> pada laki-laki dan 0,14 kg\/m2<\/sup> pada perempuan selama setahun akibat mengkonsumsi minuman ringan bergula setiap hari.\u200b6\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Contoh makanan sweeteners antara lain : gula, sirup, permen, minuman manis.\u200b1\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efek Konsumsi Sugar Sweetened Beverages<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3) Dessert<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hidangan penutup (dessert<\/em>) berkontribusi untuk menambah energi, karena terdapat karbohidrat, lemak, sodium, gula, dan rendah mengandung mikronutrien seperti kalsium, zink, vitamin C, dan zat besi dan vitamin A.<\/span><\/strong> Asupan lemak dan gula merupakan kontributor terhadap peningkatan jumlah energi yang kita konsumsi sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah kalori yang akhirnya menyebabkan obesitas.\u200b7\u200b<\/sup><\/span> Contoh dessert yang sering dikonsumsi remaja yaitu : biskuit, kue, pie, pastry, donat, es krim, milkshake, puding, keju.\u200b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/strong>1\u200b<\/sup><\/span> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4) Snack asin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Snack asin memiliki karakteristik tinggi kandungan garam (natrium) dan rendah vitamin dan antioksidan.<\/span><\/strong> Dalam sebuah penelitian disebutkan bahwa makanan yang mengandung natrium dapat merangsang nafsu makan.<\/span><\/strong> Snack asin merupakan cemilan yang sering dikonsumsi kalangan remaja. Dimana perilaku konsumsi snack asin seperti keripik dan olehan kacang-kacangan kini berhasil menurunkan angka konsumsi susu dan buah sebagai cemilan. Pada sebuah penelitian di Amerika Serikat pada kalangan orang dewasa, remaja, dan anak-anak dilaporkan adanya peningkatan besar porsi dan frekuensi mengemil (termasuk snak asin) sebesar 24% yang berkontribusi terhadap tingginya total asupan energi.<\/span> Contoh snack asin yaitu : keripik kentang, keripik jagung, potato, dan lain sebagainya<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baca Artikel : Ultra-Processed Food<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5) Dan lain-lain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dalam kategori ini yang dimaksudkan adalah jenis makanan yang tidak termasuk kedalam ketegori visible fat, sweeteners, dessert, snack asin, namun termasuk makanan padat energi, misalnya : kopi, teh, kaldu, saos tomat, saus sambal<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Makanan Rendah Mikronutrien<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meningkatnya jenis makanan ringan yang tidak sehat secara langsung mempengaruhi kualitas diet. Selain tingginya kandungan lemak, gula, dan atau garam di dalam makanan-makanan ringan tersebut ternyata kandungan mikronutrien seperti kalsium, zink, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C sangat rendah<\/span><\/strong>. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa defisiensi mikronutrien dapat berkontribusi untuk penumpukan lemak<\/span><\/strong>. Asupan dikatakan cukup untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan apabila setidaknya memenuhi 97-98% dari kebutuhan. Toleransi asupan maksimal pada masing-masing mikronutrien juga sudah ditetapkan berdasarkan dietary referance intake<\/em> (DRI) agar tidak menyebabkan efek yang merugikan pada kesehatan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Masalah kesehatan yang potensial dihubungkan dengan tingginya konsumsi minuman bergula pada kalangan anak dan remaja termasuk pergeseran dari konsumsi susu, sehingga asupan kalsium dari susu rendah. Sumber kalsium dapat memiliki dampak besar pada besarnya IMT, mengingat fakta bahwa sumber kalsium pada susu menimbulkan 50-70% lebih terhadap kehilangan lemak selama ada pembatasan energi<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referensi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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    1. <\/div>
    Kant AK. Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by adult Americans: nutritional and health implications. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/i>. Published online October 1, 2000:929-936. doi:10.1093\/ajcn\/72.4.929<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Lee B, Kim H, Lee S-K, Yoon J, Chung S-J. Effects of exposure to television advertising for energy-dense\/nutrient-poor food on children\u2019s food intake and obesity in South Korea. Appetite<\/i>. Published online October 2014:305-311. doi:10.1016\/j.appet.2014.06.103<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Mendoza JA, Drewnowski A, Christakis DA. Dietary Energy Density Is Associated With Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in U.S. Adults. Diabetes Care<\/i>. Published online January 17, 2007:974-979. doi:10.2337\/dc06-2188<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, et al. Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. BMJ<\/i>. Published online March 19, 2014:g1610-g1610. doi:10.1136\/bmj.g1610<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    Rayner G, Gracia M, Young E, Mauleon JR, Luque E, Rivera-Ferre MG. Why are we fat? Discussions on the socioeconomic dimensions and responses to obesity. Globalization and Health<\/i>. Published online 2010:7. doi:10.1186\/1744-8603-6-7<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    van Dam RM, Seidell JC. Carbohydrate intake and obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr<\/i>. Published online November 9, 2007:S75-S99. doi:10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602939<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li>
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    7. <\/div>
    Farris AR, Misyak S, Duffey KJ, et al. A Comparison of Fruits, Vegetables, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, and Desserts in the Packed Lunches of Elementary School Children. Childhood Obesity<\/i>. Published online June 2015:275-280. doi:10.1089\/chi.2014.0134<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/li><\/ol><\/section>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Pada era globalisasi ini, pemilihan makanan harus dilakukan secara selektif. 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